Guyana Defence Force in National Development

THE GUYANA DEFENCE FORCE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CIVILIAN-MILITARY RELATIONS – SOME PERSPECTIVES The case for the Guyana Defence Force to be involved in national development is enshrine in the birth of the Force and it is articulated as the third part of the Force’s tripartite role: 1. â€Å"Defend the  territorial integrity  of Guyana. 2. Assist the civil power in the maintenance of law and order when required to do so. 3. Contribute to the economic development of Guyana. †[1] The question then has to be, how will the Force be most effective in fulfilling this role. This essay contends that good civil-military relations with government and non-government organisations are critical to the successful fulfilment of this role. To demonstrate the relationship between successful national development activities and good civil-military relations, I will examine areas of development the Force can be most effective and show that the level of effectiveness will be driven by the quality civil-military relations in the said area. What then are the areas of development that the Guyana Defence Force can be most effective? The following areas of development were selected because the military role and level of success is easily measureable: 1. Engineering – infrastructural work; road construction, housing projects for low income earners, etc. 2. Health services – medical outreaches; military doctors, dentists providing service in hinterland areas, etc. 3. Education – military personnel both soldiers and civilians are employed as teachers in hinterland areas where there are limited schools, etc. 4. Economic – military personnel being employed on economic projects; such as the establishment of micro-industries, for example, farming. . Administrative – Officers are seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services. 6. Aviation – Augmenting the transportation of people and goods to the hinterland regions. Throughout most of its history the Force has been involved in national development by way of executing engineering projects particularly in the areas of hinterland roads and bridges construction. Also, the construction of low cost housing and airstrip rehabilitation are other areas where the Force participated in engineering works. This commitment to national development by way of executing engineering projects was highlighted in â€Å"Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976 which assigned specific responsibilities, to the Engineer Corps, for the construction of hinterland roads and bridges, the upgrading of airstrips and projects such as the rehabilitation of the hydro-electric power station at Tumatumari†[2] The success of the Force involvement in these ventures is commendable, however, the Force was unable to remain committed to such ventures as a single source agency as time progress. This was due to lack of resources; both human and mainly material. Therefore, one can argue that a civil-military relation framework by way of partnership with a government or non-government would have enhanced the Force’s longevity in its commitment to such ventures. This was not lost to the Force administration and is exemplified in the Force’s most recent commitment to engineering projects as detailed in the Stabroek News. â€Å"Five ranks of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) received keys to new homes at Tuschen Housing Scheme, East Bank Essequibo last week as part of a an ongoing partnership between Habitat for Humanity Guyana; the Ministry of Housing and the army to assist ranks with affordable housing. [3] Noteworthy is the commitment of government or non-government organisations to have such partnerships with the Force in this sector, as detailed in the same article, â€Å"Chairman of the Management Board at Habit for Humanity, Alex Graham remarked that the GDF has the capacity to play an integral role in various aspects of the housing response while pointing out that the army can also help in the building of homes for persons outside the GDF family. †[4] This demonstrates that there is clear recognition by non-government agencies that good civil-military relations are beneficial to both parties. Further the Force will not be required to singlehandedly seek out and forge these partnership. The Force has a rich history of providing medical services to rural and hinterland villages as part of its medical outreaches. The Force has been impressive in its support to national development in this sector by providing free medical and dental care to thousands of Guyanese. This is not surprising since common to most underdeveloped countries is the lack of capacity to provide quality medical services as you move away from the cities and main towns. This is the case in Guyana and its exasperated by our demographics, terrain in hinterland areas and the lack of adequate transportation facilities to hinterland and rural areas. The support by the Force in this sector has continued throughout its existence and remains source of kudos as highlighted in the following excerpt from Stabroek News. â€Å"Close to 200 Upper Berbice River residents benefited from dental and general medical care when a team from the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Medical Corps hosted an outreach exercise there recently. According to the army, residents said they were grateful for the exercise and expressed the desire for a doctor to visit at least once per year. †[5] The quality and level of success gained in this sector can be improved with better civil-military relations with government and non-government organisation. Similar sentiments in regards to the value of these relations were expressed by the Chief of Staff in his 2011 Command Directive. â€Å"In 2011, I plan to establish statecraft partnerships with the Ministries of Education and Health. †[6] The use of military personnel to augment the efforts of the Ministry of Education to provide education at any level and in any area of the country has not been a feature of the Force for any substantive period. Notwithstanding this, one can argue that the efforts by the Force to educate its ranks directly impacts on national development. Since when members of the Force return to civilian life their level of technical and vocational education will have a direct impact on how they are integrated to the countries labour force. Therefore the Force commitment to educating its ranks underscores its efforts to national development in this sector. However, the efforts of the Force to educate its ranks have had its own challenges. The main challenge was the ability of the Force to establish a system that linked educational development with the evolution of soldier’s careers. â€Å"As part of their promotion standards, soldiers are required to attain specified levels of academic education but these standards had to be waived since no formal means existed for upgrading soldiers’ education. † [7] The importance of good civil-military relations to enhance the Force performance in this sector has been underscored by the recent efforts by the Force in launching of its Academic Education Programme. 8] This coupled with the Career Development Plan[9] and the advent of â€Å"promotion examinations for promotion up to the rank of major†[10], underscores a recognition by the Force that civilian input and to an extent civilian oversight is critical to success in this sector. Also, the aforementioned planned stat ecraft partnership with the Ministry of Education and the fact that Force Education Department is staffed primarily by civilian teachers, establishes the importance of good civil-military relation for the strengthening of the Force’s capacity in this sector. The Force direct involvement in economic activity in support of national development is demonstrated with its involvement in agriculture. The Force Agriculture Corps has the mandate to produce mainly poultry, pork and eggs to augment the Force’s ration requirements. Throughout its history from since the establishment of Agriculture Corps the Force had measured success in this sector. This success is termed measured since in Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976, the Force â€Å"was tasked with the development of farms at Onverwagt in Berbice, Butenabu in Mahaicony, Vergenoegen in the Essequibo, and at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. [11] However, presently the Force only has one farm at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. Hence, after existing in excess of three decades the Force Agriculture Corps has not achieved the capacity to provide the Force with its ration requirements of meat, eggs and vegetables. The lack of fulfilment of its potential in this sector can b e attributed to the lack resources; both human and material. The Force performance in this sector can improve via partnerships with government and non-government organisations. The establishment of such civil-military relations will impact positively on the Force performance in this sector. To this end the Force continues to pursue such partnership as demonstrated with the Force involvement in â€Å"the national pig-breeding programme, a joint effort between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Guyana Defence Force†[12]. The Force at various period of its existence seconded mainly officers and in a few cases other ranks to government and non-government organisation. Officers were primarily seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services. This practice helped in National Development by making managerial and administrative skills readily available to beneficiary government agency. The Force involvement in this sector illustrates the value of good civil-military relations both to the Force and the Nation. This is underscore by the fact that military officers have attained high ranking appointments, namely permanent secretary and currently Accountant General at the Ministry of Finance. The Force since its early days of existence played a pivotal in aviation in Guyana. The Force helped in the pioneering efforts in aviation in Guyana. Aviation is arguably the first area where the value of good civil-military relations and the capacity of the Force to positively impact on National Development were demonstrated. [13] However, as the civilian capacity developed in this sector the Force was seen has having a negative impact in the commercial viability of this sector. I am of the view that the deterioration of civil-military relations in this sector helped in fostering this perception of the Force. There remain numerous areas in this sector where the Force, the private sector, and government and non-government organisations can benefit from good relations. No one entity can satisfy the commercial, security and safety requirements for aviation support in Guyana. The wide expanse of hinterland settlements, the limited aircraft and technically trained personnel suggests that there is room for all stake holders to make a positive impact in this sector. The Guyana Defence Force recognises and accepts it has a role to play in National Development. This is exemplified in the many initiatives and projects the Force has been involved throughout its existence primarily in Engineering, Health Services, Education, Economic, Administrative and Aviation Sectors. The question of how the Force will be most effective in fulfilling its role of contributing to National Development has been answered. The Force must embrace partnership with government and non-government agencies in those sectors where we are poised to make an impact on National Development. This pursuit and ultimate realisation of good civil-military relations will enhance the Force capacity to contribute to national development activities. REFERENCES Best G. A. R. (2010) Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force. Guyana Defence Force Best G. A. R (2011) Chief of Staff Command Directive. Guyana Defence Force Granger D. A. (1975) The new road. Guyana Defence Force. Granger D. A. (2005) A brief history of the Guyana Defence Force. Free Press. Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state: theory and practice of civil-military relations. Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Johnson, J. (1981). The role of the military in underdeveloped countries. New Jersey, Princeton University. Greenwood Press Reprint . Lehmann, D. (1979). Democracy and development in Latin America: Economics, politics and religion in the post-war period. Temple University Press. Smith, K. A. and Welch, E. C. (1974). Military role and rule. Massachusetts, Duxbury Press,. Tachau, F. (1974). The developing nations (What paths to modernization? ). New York, Dodd, Mead and Co. Thompson W. S. (1983). The third world: Premises of U. S policy. San Francisco: JOS Press. ———————– [1] Granger D. A The New Road A Short History of The Guyana Defence Force – 1966 -1976, 1975 pg 47. [2] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75. [3] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. 4] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. [5] Stabroek News Tuesday, August 17, 2010. [6] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 22. [7] [8] Stabroek News Saturday, April 10, 2010. [9] Best G. A. R Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force, 2010 pg17. [10] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 39. [11] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 200 5 pg74. [12] http://www. gina. gov. gy/archive/daily/b080407. html 2011-10-30. [13] See Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75.

Mandatory Testing

The Best Job It is hard to choose where you want to work when you start applying for Jobs. The first place I started working at was a hospital named Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital. After that I moved to another hospital named Alexia Brothers where I worked and remained the rest of the time till I finished high school. I started working in a hospital because my future Job is to be a surgeon. Working in a hospital gave me firsthand experience on being a surgeon.My Job at Alexia Brothers was better than my Job at Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital because of the positive atmosphere, their appearance, and the people who worked there. When I worked at Alexia Brothers the atmosphere there was so positive and refreshing. It was so welcoming and family oriented whenever you came there. The appearance of the place was always organized and professional. Even if it was a specific holiday, they would decorate the whole building with that theme.They always kept the whole building clean and up to date daily. The people that worked there with me were so helpful and welcoming. When you come In they make you feel so welcomed, it is like a big family there. Even the customers who came In were really nice and made you feel welcomed as well. Whenever I needed help everyone was there and willing to help with whatever. My boss and employees was Just like family to me. While working at Alexia Brothers I grew a close bond with my employees and joss.Working at Alexia Brothers was such a wonderful, fun filled opportunity for Mandatory Testing By Hale-Beets there with me were so helpful and welcoming. When you come in they make you feel so welcomed, it is like a big family there. Even the customers who came in were really to me.

Business Succession Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Succession Planning - Research Paper Example The minority shareholders are those shareholders who are in a position to exercise control over the issues of the company. This situation may lead to a conflict of interests between the majority and minority shareholders. The reasons for such conflicts and the likely effects of those conflicts on corporate governance and the ways to solve such conflicts are discussed in this paper. Structural reasons: The organization structure is so designed that some people may have advantages over others by having access to information and resources so that they have more insider information. Hence, this creates an organization which is not transparent. Also, the majority of shareholders can have control of financial resources and human resources of the company and this may create domination over the minority group. The Institutional allocation of authority can be imbalanced and can be according to the benefit of a few people. The majority of shareholders may have more power in decision making and when the minority does not agree for decisions they may threaten to create a deadlock until the minority group agrees. In the case of proprietary companies(3), the ownership and management are overlapping and there is no distinction between the two. Hence, the company is managed in such a way that is best for the owners which may cause conflict with the minority shareholders. The absence of Information and Factual Complexity: Withhold of valuable information causes mistrust among the minority group and this can ruin the confidence of the minority group on the management. Hence, when there is information is available freely the shareholders are not willing to believe the credibility and this can cause confusion. Breakdown of relations: Personal relations between directors, shareholders and employees can be a cause of conflict, or can at least exacerbate conflicts caused by other factors such as loss of trust, poor communication, stereotypes of gender or class, high levels of emotion, ego clashes, cultural or gender tensions, autocratic or uncooperative behavior.

Analyzing Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing Groups - Essay Example Tomas Oxelman, the human resource manager of the company introduced this theory (Weisbord & Janoff, 2010). The company embraced it because it was so effective that they could see the entire global operation from the perspective of a single product. To me, this holds crucial importance because the way this theory envelops the whole process is extremely useful. It fits perfectly well with the scenario I am facing at my company (the theater). The collaboration is truly diverse in this theory as the people from the inside as well as outside get to share their views. Future search refers to the generic design that spans over five segments, and each takes about 2 to 4 hours (Weisbord, Weisbord, & Janoff, 2000). The whole session is only three days long. Considering the context our group needs to focus on the past while attending to the demands of the present. This phase will develop actions and later ideal future scenarios can be identified and then an action plan can be made. The gradual buildup also ensures that irregularities or hurdles are removed as people come together on common grounds. Participative design theory by Fred and Merrelyn Emery (Coleman, Deutsch & Marcus, 2014, 930) is extremely useful for its bottom-up approach. It is an organizational principle that offers a coherent strategy and a toolkit for restoring dignity in organization and community settings (Baillie, 2006). It really involves people in the decision-making process. The emphasis of course is on effective participation or bringing democracy in the organizational decision-making process.

Language and communication research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Language and communication - Research Paper Example Their definition of engagement describes perceptions, academic and leisure reading, as well as the number and type(s) of text that are read and how many hours are typically spent reading. The facts and results presented by this study are realistic and place a cruel indictment of failure upon American schools with the promise that addressing the problem of American students’ general lack of engagement in reading would make much progress in the overall level of reading competency. It is dry but provides an invaluable peek at the international perspective. The information is easily verified by internet search, accurately represents a balanced international perspective, and was published by a credible journal. Cassidy, J., Valadez, C., Garrett, S., & Barrera, I. (2010). Adolescent and Adult Literacy: Whats Hot, Whats Not. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 53(6), 448-456. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Although hardly an objective title or study, the material provides some interesting figures and a history of public opinion on issues of educational attainment. The research is brief but stark in its use of shock value. It assumes that the respondents were familiar with terms such as â€Å"striving readers†. The practical applications of this essay and its usefulness to an understanding of the generalized perspectives of instructors and parents in the last ten years are demonstrable. Even the â€Å"What’s Not† [hot] items were telling indicators of current public opinion and theories of education. There are a multitude of facts in a disjointed presentation, and some excellent points were buried in a large wall of text rather than broken up to emphasize their poignancy. The citation of facts was dull and lacking, and, as a result, gave the impression that the information should be taken with a grain of salt. Du Boulay, D. (1999). Argument in Reading: what does it involve and how can

Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 4 - Essay Example A constraint associated with capacity management that must be managed well in order to successfully launch the new products is time. Time can become a constraint if a customer has a specified delivery date (Tutor2u, 2009). Once the company determines the official launch date of the new battery-pack and solar power models it must carefully plan an efficient strategy to ensure the product reaches its destination on time. Capacity management can help the company lower the costs of moving the merchandise through the distribution network. The shipments of merchandise most of time are send in trucks that are not completely full. The company must coordinate its launch to take advantage of the unused capacity of its shipments to corporate clients. In order for the company to optimize its logistics the firm must invest in the latest information technology. A technology that can help John Deere coordinate its delivery of its new lawnmowers are radio frequency identification tags (RFID). RFID tags give managers the capability of tracking the position of the merchandise while the items are in transit or in a warehouse. E-commerce has become an integral strategy that must be utilized by multinational firms as a channel to move merchandise. The consumer purchasing patterns have changed a lot in the 21st century. There is a portion of the population who prefers to buy online. In 2008 in the United States e-commerce generated $146 billion of online retail sales (Plunkett Research, 2009). An e-business platform provides benefits for the supply chain of an enterprise. The implementation of such a strategy to market the new green lawnmowers would lower the operating costs of the company. Sales generated through the e-business are direct sales for the company. A direct sale eliminates the profits achieved by the distributor which raises the profitability of John Deere. The electric and solar powered lawnmowers the company developed are going to be a big hit among

Nursing Theorist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theorist - Essay Example The Neuman Systems Model, as it is sometimes called, â€Å"is a unique, open systems-based perspective that provides a unifying focus for approaching a wide range of international health concerns. Being universal in nature, it is open to creative interpretation and is widely used throughout the world† (Betty, 2009). Placed in the nursing process, Neuman’s system promotes holistic understanding of the patient. Because it is very broad-based and general, as the above quotation suggests, the Neuman system is applicable to a wide variety of situations. The generality of the theory also makes it more feasible in different situations. â€Å"The client in the Neuman’s system model is viewed as an open system in which repeated cycles of input, process, out put and feed back constitute a dynamic organizational pattern. The client may be an individual, a group, a family, a community or an aggregate† (Betty, 2009). Another strength is that the theory is modern, rather than having to be translated across dozens of years, or even centuries. Neuman’s model is actually, while it appears somewhat complicated, about two major components: stress, and the body’s reaction to it. If one can picture the theory in these terms, it becomes somewhat less complicated. One weakness of the theory is that it is so general that compromises in application could also result; another is that t he theory does not appear to have a lot of empirical support in peer-reviewed journals as anything other than a side-note, and the main source of information that comes up on an internet search does not include scholarly articles, but blogs and Neuman’s own website. Purpose: A lot of the problems with esoteric theory have centered around taking a theory and applying it to reality in a realistic and effective manner. Therefore, it is important to know whether or not real-world nurses can see

Retail management case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retail management case study - Essay Example With the help of Simon’s decision-making structure one can examine the decision making process. Also, included in the model is the time and cost savings of the customers. The satisfaction levels can also be measured with this model. Apart from the design and choice factors the consumers also give due consideration to cost and time savings factor. These aspects affect the consumers greatly and help them to make the decision accordingly. In the present structure of online shopping the comparison shopping agents play an active role between the suppliers and the consumers in order to yield efficient markets. But the recent days shopping agents are mostly determined by the price factor and it is not dependent on the supplier and consumer differentiation. However, in spite of tremendous growth in the Web commerce and the superlative growth of consumers now making purchase online it is not very clear what actually makes the consumers purchase from the online shopping malls. The most important characteristics of the online retailers is that they allow the vendors to make their own unique interactive web pages, enabling the consumers to decide accordingly as per their needs and comfort zone. These tools are a great differentiator in terms of consumer preferences and can change a shopper from one website to the other. The product information available can help the customers to take the decisions accordingly. But while making the decision the consumers at times are unable to evaluate all the available alternatives with in depth analysis. Hence they use primarily a two stage process while taking such a decision. These are: Considering this the consumer requires the correct tools in order to select the most appropriate commodity. These tools are very effective to make the initial decision much easier. The in-depth analysis can also be made before deciding on the final product. The better the tools the

English Literature Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Literature - Assignment Example They are getting married soon and still they have their little conflicts and misunderstanding. Nevertheless, they act consciously and soberly and hope to turn their primary hostility into love: Titania and Oberon is another case. This is a couple of two strong individuals. Each of them wants to be the leader and to impose the power on the other. Nobody wants to have a compromise with this little â€Å"changeling boy†. Titania is not drugged with anything and her choice is explained by her proud character and conflicting nature of her personality. But apparently the queen Titania is more stubborn and hostile to her husband and needs to be more obedient as a woman. Oberon hints her o that in one of the replicas: He claims that he did not control himself and was not able to differentiate between his real intensions and his new obsession. But now his love to Hermina reminds him a childish toy he loved so much but does not feel anything now it except for some vague nostalgia. Childhood is used as a metaphor here because children are often too emotional about some things. They can cry about toys or broken sand castles that seem great for them at one moment and soon forget about these things completely. And Demetrius blames some unknown powers that controlled him. Later he compares his temporary madness to mental sickness: After tis sickness is gone he is capable of tasting, thinking, reasoning. So the nature of behavior of these three characters is different with Titania`s and Hyppolita`s behavior explained by their types of characters while Demetrius`s deeds were driven by his madness, sickness. And as readers we have privilege to know that he is right as the man was under the influence of magic. The Wife of Bath`s Prologue ends with triumph of the wife over her last husband and her gaining this sovereignty so desired by all the women. However, her way of receiving control and power was long and required a lot of experience. To begin

Smoking in public places Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Smoking in public places - Research Paper Example For instance, one may smoke to ease tension or pressure. On the other hand, many people believe that smoking in public or generally smoking should be banned. There are reasons as to why this has not yet happened, and it is not bound to happen soon. Governments throughout the world make lots of profits from taxes on tobacco and cigarettes. Second, income from taxes collected can be used to put up social amenities such as parks. Lastly, tobacco industry carries with it many employment opportunities and hence a source of livelihood for many citizens. This paper is an analysis of smoking in public places, and it will also help us understand its effects and how people view this practice and what majority feel should be done. Despite the few positive impacts that come with smoking, many are the adverse impacts and effects that accompany smoking. To start with, smoking has been ranked as the primary cause of health problems globally (Fong, 15-45). According to information from health offices, one cigarette contains more than 4000 chemical substances that are the cause of the many health problems whereby 70 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer. These chemicals have for a long time been associated with diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases, asthma or bronchitis. Reports have indicated that approximately 3,000 adults die each year in the United States due to lung cancer. This is a huge number compared to other causes of deaths in the same country. Another report from Britain indicated that while 3,500 people are killed e ach year in road accidents, 12,000 people die each year out of exposure to tobacco smoking (Hudson, par. 2-6). This shows that smoking has potential to take away many live more than other forms of health risks and people should be aware of all the risks that come along with smoking. Other than active smokers being exposed to dangers of tobacco smoking, passive smokers share the same fate. This is because passive smokers

Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Essay With the advancement in technology the operations and scales of most business have become global in nature. Aside from this the target market of the corporations has also increased to include regional as well as international customers. This has requires the culture in most multination enterprises to change and adapt to diversification. Corporations have as a result invested in a diversified workforce that represents the various types of customers it targets and help create a much better understanding about the constantly changing and evolving target market. With the changing market dynamics the companies have also had to change their management styles. The most apparent trend for corporations has been to create a value based culture where the values are derived from the customer and business point of view the procurement training of employees is based on this value system. The best way to do this is by hiring people who have the desired talent and values required by the company. This reduces the cost of training and development for the company in the initial stages and contributes to a much better workforce which is intone with the organizations objectives and value system. However in most cases the new employees do require formal orientations where they are specifically informed about culture in place ion the organization and how the business conducts its operations. Yet again hiring people who share similar values as the organization does provides more harmony and direction for the workforce. Organization and Culture: Before establishing on a code of conduct of devising a formal culture for the organization, it is essential to define what organizational culture is. The culture at any organization is how the operations are performed in the entity and how the employees perform their specific jobs. Whenever the company is formally writing the essence of the culture it is acknowledging the core values of its operations and the company itself. As a result the culture should be representative of everyone in the organization and the values derived from it should benefit the company and its stakeholders as a whole. Therefore it is critically important for organizations to fully comprehend and understand the organizational culture in place in their organization before defining the values for the company or hiring personnel depending on their shared values with the business. Cameron and Quinn have designed a framework for the culture based on competing values. This framework identifies that there are essentially four kinds of cultures in an organization and any company can have either one of them or a combination as their organizational structure. These cultures have been specifically identified as the market culture, hierarchy culture and the adhocracy culture and the clan culture. Companies who have a clan type of a culture are organizations that operate based on their loyalty and relationship with others. Tradition and loyalty count as high priorities here and as a result employee commitment is a strong factor. Examples of organization that have this type of a corporate culture are the Japanese Companies. The market culture is characteristic of supermarkets and those companies operating in the retail sector. These kinds of organizations are result oriented and focus on getting the job done. The people usually employed in this company are competitive and goal oriented. The new hired sought by the company are leaders who can be tough and respond to the demanding nature of the organization. The company deems the pricing policies and intense competition as integral to the business. The vision of such organizations is to attain a large portion of the market share. Another form of an organizational cultures the hierarchy culture which is formalized in nature and structured according to rank and priority. The leaders in the organization are responsible for getting the work done and there is an essence of pride amongst the employees about their positioning the company. These companies are relatively predictable and they focus on hiring employees who are dependable and committed to long term employment in the company. The perfect examples of such organization are government organizations and public institutions. The last type of culture identified in the framework is the adhocracy culture which features entrepreneurship and creativity in the workplace. Organizations have this kind of a culture are usually dynamic and harbor innovation. They seek employees who are risk takers, creative and can be focus on the long term productivity and growth of the organization. The essence of this culture is innovation and commitment to change and diversification. An example of such a company is Google. Discussion: The main hotspots for cultural integration and diversification for Multinational Enterprises exist in the European, Asian and Middle East regions. A recent study was conducted to analyze the cultural orientation of the workforce and the similarities and differences for a multicultural workforce in Oman. The data for this research was conducted from about 700 employees employed in 6 large firms in Oman. â€Å"The results demonstrate a clear link between value orientations and preferences for particular HRM policies and practices. Group-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those who scored high on collectivism and being orientations, and those who scored low on thinking and doing orientations. Hierarchy-oriented HRM practices are preferred by those scoring high on hierarchy, subjugation and human nature-as-bad orientations, and those scoring low on thinking and mastery orientations. Finally, preference for loose and informal HRM practices was positively associated with being, and negatively associated with thinking, doing and harmony orientations. (Aycan, (et al), 2007) The HR employment policies and the recruitment process comprises of job identification and job design. When the specific characteristics of the job have been identified it becomes easier to document the requirements for the job. In market oriented firms companies seek prospective employees who are competitive and willing to embrace the values of the company. Colin Shaw conducted a research in association with the Marketing forum about employment in marketing. The research showed that â€Å"71 per cent of business leaders see customer experience as the next competitive battleground to be fought in a commercial marketplace — yet few are doing anything about it. Seven out of 10 customers say that emotions count for more than half of their customer experience. But most companies have not even thought through the emotions they are trying to evoke and will, therefore, struggle to recruit people who are able to evoke the positive emotions the company has identified. †(Shaw, 2002) Aside form simply managing diversity in the work force by creating a value based culture in the organization and hiring personnel on the basis of their value characteristics, the companies in multinational sectors can also develop relationship with their strategic partners, suppliers and affiliates on the basis of their organizational values. This is formally termed as Supply Relationship Orientation. Using this approach the organization can target a much diverse target market more efficiently and can also internalize most of its operations. The internal and external integration leads to strategic advantage for the company therefore further creating barriers to entry in the industry and making the organization more competitive. Job satisfaction is highly dependent upon the values that the employees have. These values can be cultural in nature or those endorsed by the organization. A study concerning the impact of cultural diversity on the employed job satisfaction showed that it is possible for people from different backgrounds and regions to have different values and work environment expectations. This specific study studied the Chinese nd Taiwanese organizations and depicted that â€Å"Integration, Confucian Work Dynamism and Human-heartedness are significantly different between Taiwanese and Chinese employees, while Moral discipline is not; Taiwanese employees have higher ES than Chinese employees; Taiwanese employees view career planning is the most important, while Chinese employees think management system is most important; For Taiwanese employees, Salary and benefit, Working load and Management system have effects on ES; Age and Education have effects on Chinese employees† (Chuan-Cheng Yu-Chen, 2007) Some cases of prominent organizations taking sides on their HRM and recruitment policies are depicted in the following examples. â€Å"Sears, for example, developed a strong culture based on its successes through the 1960s that kept later CEOs from making radical changes that were needed to respond to shifting consumer preferences. On the other hand, Wal-Mart, which was less restrained by its past, prospered during the same time period. † (Powell, 1998) When hiring new employees the bottom-line is to make way for a cohesive organization which is diversified in nature and its workforce yet is united in its structure, values and objectives. This is what has been termed as a model organization with an effective organizational perspective. Essentially the organization has two roles for an employee when it is hiring prospective personnel. These are that the organization needs employees who can help the organization grow and follow what is already in place in the organization. This is required to bring continuity into the business. However the other goal of the organization when recruiting new employees is to hire those candidates who are entrepreneurial in nature, risk takers and innovative, i. e. are willing to do what has never ever been done in the market or sector. In such situations the company needs to identify what are its core values and how it can attain both of its goals simultaneously. This requires identifying which values of the company fit the personal attributes of the company, and fit the situation the company is in. Then it needs to hire those employees which are suited to the values, goals and the job description in the company. â€Å"Searching for reinforcing fit on pivotal values is a good way for an organization to preserve the key elements of its culture. In fact, adherence to similar process values such as mutual respect, openness, participation, and consideration of alternative points of view facilitates a multicultural approach to diversity. On the other hand, searching for either reinforcing or extending fit on peripheral values seems unnecessary. Employees need to be allowed to express themselves as they wish, as long as they exhibit the pivotal values that support the organizations mission. † (Powell, 1998) Another view regarding value based recruitment of personnel is that the diversified and multinational corporations can invest in both kinds of employees by hiring those which are essential for the continuum of the organization as well as hiring those who fit the organization’s values and goals. This will enable corporations to have variety in the workplace and will aid in management of the diversified workforce by the use of actions teams. Aside from this there is another view which states that it may not be in the best interests of any organization to invest in the same values and culture over a long period of time. This is because the external and internal environment for the business is constantly changing and this requires the culture, and values of the organizations to also reflect change with the passage of time. â€Å"To be ready to play fundamentally different games at short notice, organizations need to keep themselves from being overly committed to one particular strategy. † (Powell, 1998) One way of adopting diversity in an organization and building a value based culture to sustain objectives is through the sequential process. The reason for using this process for managing diversity is due to the fact that the external environment is in a continuous change and the main stakeholders of any company are also facing similar changes in their lives. This makes the purchase decisions to be made on the basis of the vales of the company and therefore the employees and people in the organization are also required to work in accordance with the values of the company. An article by Steve Schuller in 2005 stated that merging diversification and value based culture the organization requires the company to adopt a focused hiring policy. This means that the company should strive to hire like minded people who share the values of the company. This can require employing on traditionally recruiting methods which can take the form of partnering with similar organization or organizations having similar technology and objectives. â€Å"Hiring is only the first step. Educating employees to understand and appreciate cultural differences and providing them with guidance about what diversity means to the organization is the most effective way to create an inclusive culture. Timing is critical. Dont make the mistake of marketing to diverse groups before providing your employees with the support and training they need to service these guests, who might have unique needs. Doing so could create negative guest experiences or hurt your efforts in the community. (Schuller, 2005). This text provides answers to the question whether only hiring personnel who share the values of the company is sufficient or should they be trained or not. The article states that even for newly hired personnel who share the values of the company it is essential for the business to provide them with orientation, mentoring and customer service training for leadership development according to the business ethics and the organizational culture in place in the company. Aside from this it is also important to communicate the values of the business and the company to the customers as well as to the employees. â€Å"Values are communicated to employees via overt internal communications, the ripple effect, senior management example/involvement, HR activities and external communications. While for consumers, values are communicated via their holistic experiences of the brand, interactions with employees, external brand communications and the tangible elements of the service offering. (De Chernatony, Cottam Segal-Horn, 2006) Conclusion: It can be derived from the above illustrated discussion that in order to manage diversity in the workplace and in the operations it is best to manage the company according to its salient nd existing value structure. This is the best recommended method for managing diversity as it does not contain any bias and conforms to the legal laws of the state and the personal values of the employees and the staff in the organization. The best way for establishing a value based organization culture is to first identify the culture for the organization and highlight its main points. The key values which give the company a comparative advantage and a competitive edge can be focused upon and these values can be derived top establish a new culture which is adaptable, innovative and in accordance with the changes taking place in the internal as well as the eternal environment of the business. Most companies seek to retain and manage the value based culture of the organization by hiring those individuals who share the commitment and the values of the organization. However it should be realized that even like minded people can end up having conflicts and as a result a base period of training has to be established in the organization for successfully managing the organization and its human capital.

Future events Essay Example for Free

Future events Essay Richard here talks of a forthcoming golden era full of glory and hope. Whilst speaking in public, Richard uses this opportunity to defend him from being accused in future events. By praising the running of the country nobody would suspect him of becoming a family murderer. Again, in private Richard reveals his true feelings and again reveals to the audience future plots.  I am determined to prove a villain and hate the idle pleasures of these days. Plots I have laid, inductions dangerous. (Act 1 scene 1.Lines 30 +32) When speaking concealed away from the public, Richard provides insight into future events. Although it may appear that the war is over the royal family is about to confront another battle in the eyes of Richard. It is through what is said in private that Richard sheds light on future plots and events and to an extent he draws a relationship with the audience because of this.  The final area in which I will explore appearance and reality will be through the manipulation of religion. Richard of Gloucester is not the only character in the play to use appearance and reality as his two partners in crime prove. Catesby and Buckingham use religion as a weapon of disguising for Richards true personality and intentions. He is within, with two right reverend fathers, divinely bent to meditation .. To draw him from his holy exercise. (Act 3 scene 7.Line 60 + 61)  Buckingham endeavors to make Richard appear holy and innocent by portraying him as a devout, holy and religious man. By this point in the play we know that Richards life is not based on serving god but rather serving his own desires. His allies continue to do their utmost to mask his evil traits in front of the politicians.  This prince is not an Edward. He is not lulling on a lewd love-bed, but on his knees at meditation.(Act 3 scene 7.Line 70-71) Again, religion is manipulated to give a false identification of Richard. Their aim is to get Richard to become king and attain ruler ship thinking that they may get something in return. Buckinghams language reveals that he; Catesby and Richard are play acting.  Two props of virtue for a Christian prince .. and see a book of prayer in his hand. (Act 3 scene 7.Line 95+96)  Buckingham makes it apparent that this is a play within a play and uses the church and the word of god as a prop to make Richard look convincing on stage. Richard also does his part in covering up his true personality. I do beseech your grace to pardon me, who, earnest in the service of my god. (Line 104-105)  Richard once again stresses how devoted he is to god when really he is only devoted to getting himself raised to a godly figure in the form of king. Shakespeare reveals yet another plane to Richards ever- changing character through the manipulation of religion as we not only see a deceitful interpretator, a cold-blooded murderer but also a manipulative man. He has no regard for family, women or even god and this manifests the extent that he is willing to go to get what he wants. Shakespeare provides us with another peek into future events through the manipulation of Richard. Come, let us to our holy work again.(Act 3 scene 7.Line 245)  This holy work will in fact not be holy but will rather entail unholy and irreligious dealings. The work will contain further plotting and this braces the audience for further manipulation. This device measures the extent to which Richard will go to change his character. It also reveals that Richard isnt the only character that utilizes appearance and reality in the play and this reflects the amount of manipulation contained within the play. Appearance and reality is a device that Shakespeare cleverly uses to keep the character Richard of Gloucester running throughout the play. It revitalizes his character and interest in him is always stimulated because of this. To an extent, Richard uses appearance and reality as a stepping stool for further dealings in the future. Richard, the anti-hero, uses his physical appearance as a driving force for evil traits and deceive4s others into thinking that it makes him weaker. His contrasting treatment of women perfectly illustrates how well he can adjust roles when required. He is the master of deception as his opening soliloquy proves. It is what is said in private that reveals to the audience what Richards true intentions are and it is what is said in public that reflect lies. Shakespeare makes this link early on so that Richards changing wont fool the audience. Shakespeare mirrors appearance and reality through the manipulation of religion to show the extent that Richard will go to obtain what he requires. Appearance and reality is important because it shows that Richard is a character of dual interpretations and Shakespeare makes sure Richard uses it continually so that his character continues to fuel interest for the audience. Appearance and reality is a vital tool in the play as it not only plays a huge part in shaping events in the play but it also reveals future events that are to take place.

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics Essay

Major Challenges Facing Youth In Developing Economies Economics Essay ABSTRACT The challenge of keeping youths engaged meaningfully has been a major concern of governments in the developing nations. This paper x-rays the major challenges facing youths apart from unemployment. These include but not limited to inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking, emigration, drug addiction and trafficking as well as (HIV/AIDS) endemic. The authors stressed the need to encourage youths to engage in entrepreneurship undertakings and further highlighted the benefits of youth self reliant such as development of entrepreneurial and managerial skills, evenly distribution of national wealth, exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities, moderation of rural-urban migration, high value added to the economy, promotion of indigenous technology, and improvement in balance of trade. Hence, the authors recommended institutional support for youth self reliance; inclusion of entrepreneurship studies in high school and undergraduate curricula; tax incentives to young entrepreneurs; and financing of sporting activities to check social vices among youth. Key words: Youth;; Self Reliance Programmes; Unemployment ; Developing Economy 1.0 Introduction According to the projection of the United Nations Population Division (UNDP, 1993), currently young people between ages 15-24 constitute 18 percent of worlds population at 1.1 billion and the world is very close to reach the peak of historically highest youth population (Lam, 2007). These young people, across the globe, especially in developing countries, where the population density and growth is also highest, face unprecedented challenges in their capacity to access public resources and family resources, stemmed from waves of cultural and economic globalization. Most critical issues for youth development are poverty, health practices, gender biases, education, employment, social responsibilities and good citizenship, juvenile delinquency etc (World Youth Report, 2003). Demand of skilled workers in the knowledge economy has created hindrance for a large portion of world youth, especially in developing countries, where higher education system has not been able to realize sufficient value addition in terms of enhancing the employability in the new age labor market. A staggering 400 million young people around the world are unable to find decent work. Worthy of note is that, todays youth find themselves in an era, where for the first time in the modern civilization, purely economic value of higher education has reached an unprecedented low proportion. Shariff (1998) observed that adults engaged in self employment more than the youth, especially in developed countries. This is notable in countries whose economic growth rate is slow or stagnant. He observed further that self employment is much more appreciated among Sub-Sahara African than in other countries of the world. The youth are a major source of human capital and key agents for socio cultural, economic, and political development as well as technological innovation worldwide. Their imaginations, ideas, energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of societies. Their training, development, intellectual perspectives and productive abilities are key determinants of the progress and future of societies. To capture the significance of youth in the economic development process, Central Bank of Nigerias governor notes in 2011 that the current economic development efforts will not amount to anything if the youth who are the real economic agent are not part of the economic transformation. He notes further that robust economic growth will only be achieved if the youth are adequately empowered, which is the only path to sustainable economic development. 2.0 Conceptual clarification 2.1 Youth. There is hardly any universally acceptable definition of youth. Youthfulness need not be exclusively determined by age. Other factors, like economic, cultural and environmental conditions may be equally important in defining youth. The continuing debate on who is a youth has not resolved the confusion surrounding the concept. In many African countries, laws define adulthood as commencing from age of 21, although recently, there have been attempts to lower the age to 18 years (Curtain, 2000). Sociologically, youth denotes an interface between childhood and adulthood. Youth, as a social group are defined in terms of age. Hence, the majority of youth has been variously defined as ranging from the ages of 10-11 years to 35 years. The United Nations Organisation (UNO) has come up with a specification of age bracket 15-24 years as youth, while the Commonwealth uses the age category of 15-29 years. For the purpose of this paper, youth is defined as young women and men who fall wi thin the age bracket of 15 35 years. Furthermore, anyone who is acknowledged by deed as identifying with and committed to youth development may be recognised as youth. It has been recognised the world over that youth constitute the most important human resource potential that can contribute significantly to the overall development of a nation. The youth constitute the driving force of society, the spirit of today and the hope for the future. In addition, youth constitute the largest segment, they are also the most socially active and productive sector. The educational system has not adequately equipped young people with the relevant skills, knowledge and cultural values needed to face the challenges of after school life. As a result, young people cannot find placement in the white-collar job market; neither are they able to create economic opportunities for themselves in the informal sector. There is therefore the need to relate the educational system to the job market. United Nations Organisation (1995: 11) therefore notes in that: Young people in all countries are both a major human resource for development and key agents for social change, economic development and technological innovation. Their imaginations, ideas, considerable energies and visions are essential for the continuing development of the societies in which they live. The problems that young people face as well as their visions and aspirations are essential components of the challenges and prospects of todays societies and future generations Mobilizing the creativity and passion of young men and women, and recognizing the unique perspective of youth on their current and future needs are quickly becoming national and international priorities. Globally, youth are eager to contribute their quota through investment of their energies in the socio-economic development of the societies. In addition, they desire to be absorbed into socio-economic system in order to change the old order. In terms of sheer numbers, youth represent a significant portion of the global community. Today, approximately 20 per cent of the worlds population is in the 15 to 24 age group, and in many developing countries this group will soon constitute 50 per cent of the population. In addition, 60 per cent of the worlds youth population, or over 600 million young people, reside in the Asia-Pacific region (Kenyon, 1998). Linked directly to these figures is the growing recognition of the importance of youth development at both the national, regional and international levels. Youth constitute a unique group within society. While they are often considered one of the most vulnerable groups within the social fabric, they are also regarded as the greatest source of hope for the nations future. Youth represent a significant portion of the worlds population: it is estimated that the global youth population in 1995 was over 1 billion and comprised 18 per cent of the worlds population, of whom 84 per cent lived in developing countries. Those under the age of 30 could form as much as 55 per cent of the worlds population by the year 2005. In the least-developed countries of the world, the figure is closer to 70 per cent. (Kenyon, 1998) 2.2 Self Reliance. The concept of self reliance is located centrally within the discourse of community development and is connected to related concepts like self-help, independence, mutual-help, indigenous participation and rural development. It advocates the need for people to improve their condition using local initiatives and resources in their own hands. The concept is fast being accepted as a new formula for community development because of its widespread acceptance in the development planning of most African countries. The concept of self-reliance has the tendency to give greater stimulus and cohesiveness to community development in these countries (Anyanwu, 1992). According Fonchingong Fonjong (2003), self-reliance is situated within the discourse of community development and is connected to related concepts like self-help, mutual help, indigenous participation and rural development. It champions the need for people to better their lots using local strategies and resources at their disposal. The definition assumes that youth use the resources at their disposal to proffer solutions to the challenges peculiar to their group and confronting them persistently. They also want to realize their dreams and be at the fore front of developing the communities. Anyanwu (1992) contends that in most African countries, community development has depended significantly on voluntary cooperative efforts. This follows a traditional trait that clearly underscores the virtue of self-reliance. This explains the emerging trend in community development, which sees it as an important point of take-off for better living. The emphasis is to involve groups of people in planned programmes from which they may gain skills that will enable them to cope more successfully with the problems of their everyday lives. Self-reliance is thus development on the basis of a countrys (regions) own resources, involving its populations based on the potentials of its cultural values and traditions (Galtung, 1980). Communities and individual people define their own development according to their own needs, values and aspirations (Preiswerk, 1980). Local-level development provides a major force in activating the utilization of local resources (land, water, labour) and therefore constitutes one of the most effective methods of promoting peoples participation in determining their own development. The needs for local alternatives and self-reliance have been voiced in more explicit terms by other scholars. For example, Brett (1988) has called for cooperative and voluntary alternatives, while Sandbrook (1985) has emphasized the need for small-scale community solutions. In its fundamental sense, self-reliance is defined as a state of mind that regards ones own mental and material resources as the primary stock to draw on in the pursuit of ones objectives, and finds emotional fulfillment not only in achieving the objectives but of having achieved them primarily by using ones own resources. 2.3 Unemployment. Unemployment is a social issue that every nation deals with regularly. Even the most advanced economies still battle with the issue of unemployment. In fact the classical economists averred that there can never be a situation of total employment in any economy. However, responsible governments must strive at all times to keep unemployment rate as low as possible. According to Fajana (2000), unemployment is a state of worklessness/idleness experienced by persons who as members of the labour force perceive themselves are perceived by others as capable of work. Unemployment is a situation where those who are willing and able to work cannot find full employment or even if it is partial employment. The unemployment situation in Nigeria is unsettling. Statistic shows that almost 75% of those who are able and willing to work cannot find gainful employment, especially among young graduate/school leavers. Fajana (2000) categorizes unemployment into six namely structural, frictional, seasonal, cyclical, residual, and technological. Types of Unemployment S/N Name Cause 1. Structural This occurs when there is a change in the structure of an industry or economic activities of the country. Change in taste, change in technology, change in demand are some of the types of changes that may occur. It is mostly found in Asia and Africa. In other words, it occurs due to mismatch between the demand for labour and the ability of the workers. 2. Frictional The unemployed may remain so on account of shortage of raw materials, or mechanical defects in working plants. Therefore, the better the economy is doing, the lower the chances of this type of unemployment occurring. 3. Seasonal This is due to seasonal variations in the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the inherent nature of such industries. In the tropical region, ice factories are less active in rainy season because of low demand for ice. 4. Cyclical This is otherwise known as Keynesian unemployment or demand deficient unemployment which is due to the operation of the business cycle. This arises at a time when the aggregate effective commodity demand falls below the full employment level of output. 5. Residual This is caused by personal factors such as old age, physical or mental disability, poor work attitudes and inadequate training. 6. Technological This is caused by changes in techniques of production. Source: Fajana, S. (2000) Functioning of Nigerian Labour Market, Lagos: Labofin and company 3.0 Major Challenges facing Youth in developing economies The declining growth and economic restructuring has worsened the employment situation among the youth in most of the developing countries and most especially in Africa. Youth unemployment has increasingly come to be as one of the most serious socio-economic problems currently confronting many developing countries. It is difficult to provide accurate statistics of youth unemployment in developing countries in general and Africa in particular, as available estimates of world unemployment face the conceptual limitation. Nonetheless, existing estimates indicate that in Sub-Saharan Africa, urban unemployment affects between 15 to 20 percent of the workforce (ILO, 2005). According to this estimates, young people comprise 40 to 75 percent of the total number of unemployed. Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) According to Awogbenle and Iwuamadi (2010), the statistics from the Manpower Board and the Federal Bureau of Statistics showed that Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the total population of the country. Also, 64 million of them are unemployed, while 1.6 million are under-employed. The 1990-2000 data on youth unemployment indicated that secondary school graduates constituted the largest group of the unemployed. There is also 40% of the unemployment rate is among urban youth aged 20 24 and 31% of the rate is among those aged 15-19. Furthermore, two-thirds of the urban unemployed are ranged from 15-24 years old. Curiously, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with few dependents. Awogbenle and Iwuandi also observed that that there is no consistent trend of  unemployment rates in Nigeria. An increase in one or two years is sometimes followed by a decline in the subsequent years. Table 1: Nigeria Unemployment Rates by Age Group and Sex S/N Age Group Unemployment Rate 1. 15-24 41.6 2. 25-44 17 3. 45-49 11.5 4. 60-64 16.7 Gender Analysis 1. Male 17 2. Female 23.3 Source: Ruhl, O. (2009) Nigerias Youth: Turning Challenge into Opportunity. World Bank Statistics on Youth Unemployment, March, 2009. Table 2: Table Youth Unemployment Rate in Nigeria 2000-2011 S/N Year Rate 1. 2000 31.1 2. 2001 13.6 3. 2002 12.6 4. 2003 14.8 5. 2004 13.4 6. 2005 11.9 7. 2006 13.7 8. 2007 14.6 9. 2008 14.9 10. 2009 19.7 11. 2010 41.6 12. 2011 23.9 Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2011) According to Abdullahi (2012), the Nigerian Minister of Sports, out of Nigerias 150 million population, 40 million are unemployed. As 45% of the population is between the ages of 15 to 40 years, this means unemployment mainly affects the youth. He revealed that the alarming situation has socio-economic implications considering the fact that Nigeria has 45% of the jobless population are between the ages of 15-40 years and due to the extremely low life expectancy of 45 years, only 3% of Nigerians manage to reach the ages of 60 and above. Nigerian youth are therefore the hardest hit by the menace of unemployment. Hence, the increase rate of kidnapping, youth unrest and most significantly, an extremely unstable social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria. The percentage of unemployed labour force is disheartening not to mention rate of unemployment among youth. Apart from the figures released early this year by the National Bureau of Statistics, which puts unemployment rate in 2011 at 29.3 per cent, the situation has over the years grown from bad to worse. From 2000 until 2011, the unemployment rate averaged 18.82 per cent, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December of 2011 representing about 20.3 million Nigerian youth who are currently unemployed. The situation is compounded daily as institutions of higher learning churn out fresh graduates to add to the already saturated labour market. The percentage would have been higher save for the governments efforts to reduce the unemployment rate among graduates from the nations universities through various programmes such as National Directorate of Employment (NDE), National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP), Youth Enterprise With New   Innovation in Nigeria (YOUWIN) to m ention but a few. Some identifiable factors causing youth unemployment in Nigeria these include but not limited to: Ineffective mechanisms for overcoming the challenges of cyclical and structural youth (18 to 24 years) unemployment in Nigeria and to alleviate poverty at all levels of governance. Going by the 2006 census in Nigeria, the nations population was put at140,431,790 and projections for the future indicate that the population could be over 180 million by the year 2020,given the annual growth rate of 3.2 percent (National Population Commission and ICF Macro, 2009:3). Rapid population growth is another major factor causing youth unemployment. Dysfunctional educational system in curricula-structure does not promote youth entrepreneurship, innovative skills and virile apprenticeship schemes. Instead, most graduates of Nigerian education system lack basic skills with which to enter into labour market. Most graduates leave university with the thinking that they must seek employment in large organisations. Most functionaries in public and private sectors are largely bereft of ideas of blending education, training and learning for resolving youth unemployment menace. This is why most government programmes are yet to achieve the desired results of reducing youth unemployment. Corruption has been the bane of development in Nigeria and it has impacted negatively in the industrialisation process initiated by successive governments. It has attained an endemic level with public office holders paying lip service to its eradication because they are part of the beneficiaries. Poverty of political commitment towards youth empowerment and innovative approaches at local, state and federal levels is another cause of youth unemployment. There are no verifiable statistics of actual labour shortages, employment, under-employment and vacancies analyses that can guide national planning. In addition, in Nigeria loanable funds that youth can draw from to invest are not accessible. Although, government, banks and other financial institutions would tell you that funds are available for entrepreneurship adventure. Accessing the funds has not been easy. Figure 2: Spiraling General  Unemployment  Rate Growing at 16% per year  »Ã‚ ¿http://www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/spiraling_general_unemployment_rate.gif Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) Figure 3 : Youth Unemployment 3X General Unemployment http://www.doreopartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/youth_unemployment.gif Source: National Bureau of Statistics (2010) Apart from the major challenges of unemployment, inequality, corruption, poverty, cultism, human trafficking and emigration are other challenges facing developing economies, Nigeria inclusive. Despite Nigerias decades of development efforts, both the gap between the poor and the rich countries and the inequalities within states and nations have widened. Poverty simply means inadequacy of income to meet such basic needs as food, shelter, clothing, education, healthcare etc. Poverty leads to malnutrition, sickness, illiteracy, unemployment, low status of men and women, immorality, crime, and exposure to environmental risks, limited access to assets, social services, and political power. Unemployment and poverty lead to psychological disorders, depression, despondency, suicides and divorces. While relative poverty causes envy, jealousy and self-depreciation, mass unemployment and persistent poverty which could lead to socio-political unrest and revolution. Thus, unemployment, inequality and poverty have economic, social and political implications. 4.0 Significance of Youth Self Reliance There is an increased concern, nationally and internationally, for youth issues, responsibilities and rights and also widespread consensus on the invaluable role of youth in the development process. Yet youth are invariably victims of exclusion from governance, decision-making and development process, which impact negatively on their desires for self reliance and self realization. The Human Development Report (UNDP, 1993) echoes the need for people to participate in their own development, stressing that peoples participation is becoming the central issue in the face of current challenges facing the world for development. It is now widely accepted that there are many good reasons to promote self reliance among young people. Entrepreneurship undertakings are probably one the most effective means of making youth self reliant. While caution should be exercised so that entrepreneurship is not seen as a panacea for curing all societys social ills, many experts such as Curtain (2000) warn, it has a number of potential benefits. An obvious, and perhaps the most significant one, is that it creates employment for the young person who owns the business. Figure 4: Young working poor in selected countries (Estimates for youth and adult cohorts), in percentage Source: ILO, Global Employment Trends for Youth. Geneva, August, 2010. In addition to the above, youth self reliance (YSR) will achieve the under listed among developing economies. The indigenous entrepreneur and managerial skills needed to transform the economy are developed. Labour intensive industry is boosted by YSR, which helps government to achieve the employment and income distribution objective. Encouragement of youth to be self reliant enhances the exploitation of untapped industrial opportunities. The evenly distribution of wealth and regional economic balance objective of government is enhanced as the menace of rural/urban migration, which exacerbates urban congestion is checked. There is higher value added to the domestic economies thereby checking the dumping of products from developed in developing economies. Indigenous technology is promoted through youth self reliant programmes. The above will definitely improve the balance of trade and payment of the developing economies as well as strengthening the local currency coupled with the benefit of promoting exportation and preventing over reliance on a single commodity to earn foreign exchange. Over dependency on oil revenue has been the bane of industrialization in Nigeria. 5.0 Recommendations Conclusion In line with the above observations, it is recommended that youth entrepreneurship programmes should be made compulsory right from the secondary school. More so, curricula in the higher institutions should be redesigned to capture the current reality of producing job creators and not job seekers. There should also be institutional support for youth entrepreneurship programmes at all tiers of government; local, state, and federal. Cheap funds made available and accessible to interested young entrepreneurs is a necessity for the development of self reliant programmes among youth. Data on youth unemployment are not accessible, if they are available. Many of the policy makers are not equipped with facts and figures. Many a times, they rely on sources that are not reliable in formulating policies and taking decisions relating to youth empowerment. Government institutions should equip to collate data frequently and make them accessible at any point in time. If there are authentic data, planning and paying social security of not less than fifty thousand naira ((#50) should not be difficult considering the amount of financial resources being wasted public office holders. The prevailing harsh economic environment in Nigeria is a disincentive to any interested young entrepreneurs and so should be made conducive as much as possible. For example multiple taxation should be eliminated through the harmonization of tax system in the country. Infrastructure facilities are abysmal failure, especially the electricity around which modern industrialization and developmental strategy revolve. More than enough megawatts of electricity should be generated in the country. The appalling situation of electricity generation has turned many youth to criminals in Nigeria. Motivating youth to acquire technical skills should top the priority of any government, Nigeria not exempted. Apart from free tuition, graduates of technical colleges should be absolved into the government service and or private organisations. Able and willing youth should be encouraged to contribute their quota to national economic development efforts. Security of lives and properties must be guaranteed in Nigeria. Governments efforts to woo foreign investors that will help to ignite the fire of economic revival will not yield any fruits if the issue of security is not addressed. There should be an increased youth and orphans self-reliance, self-discipline, social responsibility and spirit of adventure. Youth should be helped start income generating activities for their livelihoods to reduce dependency syndrome. Involvement of religious organisations in youth self reliance programmes should be encouraged. This is imperative in view of the fact that many of them have excess funds they can use since they do not pay tax. This will be counted as part of their social responsibility efforts to the society. Opportunities to acquire overseas training in form of exchange programmes among regional governments e.g. Economic Commission for West African States (ECOWAS) should be provided for youth after completing skill acquisition course. Suffice it to note that regional integration will be a great impetus for youth in countries which fall the same region. There is no doubt that Nigeria is blessed with abundant human and natural resources. The challenges facing the youth and related issues are very critical because of the emerging trend of youth unemployment, political and religious unrest. Hence, youth self reliant programmes should occupy the front burner of the federal, state, and local governments. Nigeria, arguably the most populous black nation in the world, needs sincere analysis of the current unemployment situation in the country as well as other challenges confronting the youth. The scientific analysis of this menace will lead to honest policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring of youth self reliant programmes which will eventually stem the tide of youth crimes and guarantee the future of the country.

How to say no Summary :: essays research papers

Chapter 1- Saying No: The Basics In the first chapter of How to Say No Without Feeling Guilty, the authors present the basics of saying no. But why say no? Many times people are persuaded into doing things they don’t want to do, simply because they can’t find the right words to say no. Another reason why people don’t say no is because they are afraid of what the person will think of them if they say no. I can understand this, because many times I have found myself doing things for people because I couldn’t think of a good excuse to get myself out. After reading the first chapter, I learned the basic techniques to politely saying no. The first one is surprisingly simple—just buy more time. If you can put off your decision to accepting a request from someone, you then have the time to really think about what it will take to satisfy the other person. One of the phrases they suggested was, â€Å"I need to find out if I work first†. As a college student, my work schedule is anyth ing but consistent, so that phrase will be great for me to use. Another suggestion was to say you have a â€Å"policy† against doing something. It’s good because it lets the person know how important it is to do what you need to do. But for me, I don’t think this would be any good, because my friends wouldn’t buy the fact that I have a â€Å"policy†. The prevention technique seemed like it would be a good one. I have a friend who whenever I see, he always wants to go out to a bar and drink. I normally don’t mind, but if I go over to visit him and I’m not in the mood to go out, he will insist that we go anyways. Prevention would be good in this case because if I don’t feel like going out that night, I should probably just avoid this friend entirely. Lying to someone in order not to hurt them, or the face-saving excuse is also a good tactic. If an unattractive girl were to ask me out, I wouldn’t tell her no because I thought she was unattractive. I would probably tell her that I have a lot of work to do for the next couple of months, and I don’t really have time to be going out with her.

Adult Illiteracy :: Adult Illiteracy Essays

"Learning to read is like learning to drive a car. You take lessons and learn the mechanics and the rules of the road. After a few weeks you have learned how to drive, how to stop, how to shift gears, how to park, and how to signal. You have also learned to stop at a red light and understand road signs. When you are ready, you take a road test, and if you pass, you can drive. Phonics-first works the same way. The child learns the mechanics of reading, and when he's through, he can read. Look and say works differently. The child is taught to read before he has learned the mechanics — the sounds of the letters. It is like learning to drive by starting your car and driving ahead. . .And the mechanics of driving? You would pick those up as you go along." —Rudolf Flesch, "Why Johnny Still Can't Read," 1981 Illiteracy in America is still growing at an alarming rate and that fact has not changed much since Rudolf Flesch wrote his best-selling expose of reading instruction in 1955. Illiteracy continues to be a critical problem, demanding enormous resources from local, state, and federal taxes, while arguments about how to teach children to read continue to rage within the education research community, on Capitol Hill, in business, and in the classroom. The International Reading Association estimates that more than one thousand research papers are prepared each year on the subject of literacy, and that is very likely a low figure. For the past 50 years, America's classrooms have been used by psychologists, sociologists, educationists, and politicians as a giant laboratory for unproven, untried theories of learning, resulting in a near collapse of public education. It is time we begin to move away from "what's new" and move toward "what works." The grim statistics According to the National Adult Literacy Survey, 42 million adult Americans can't read; 50 million can recognize so few printed words they are limited to a 4th or 5th grade reading level; one out of every four teenagers drops out of high school, and of those who graduate, one out of every four has the equivalent or less of an eighth grade education. According to current estimates, the number of functionally illiterate adults is increasing by approximately two and one quarter million persons each year. This number includes nearly 1 million young people who drop out of school before graduation, 400,000 legal immigrants, 100,000 refugees, and 800,000 illegal

Consider the theme of loneliness in Of Mice and Men. How does it Essa

Consider the theme of loneliness in 'Of Mice and Men'. How does it affect the friendships and relationships in the novel? This novel that was written by John Steinbeck which was set in the 1930s in Salinas Soledad which is in California. The novel consists of many historical factors which have affected the characters in this novel and one of them includes "the great depression" Which leads the novels inspiration for the famous writer John Steinbeck which he mainly based on his own experience. In those days people travelled a lot differently to how we travel now. In those days migrant workers travelled extravagant distances looking for a job. There are many different themes in which are based throughout the whole book, such as loneliness, happiness, nature, dreams and reality: - Which even lead to catastrophe. Many of the people in this novel have very lonely lives mainly because they are migrant workers and as we know they don't have time to make any friends or have any time to spend with their families. There are many characters that are lonely due to age, sex, and race. Two good examples would be Candy because of his age and Crooks because of his race. This novel consists of two main characters George and Lennie, who are an anomalous pair of migrant workers that look after each other. They are completely the reverse of each other. George is the one who has the communicative face and thinks of all of their problems and ideas and tells the other one what to do. Being like this all of the time, in what ever the story it is, always pictures that you would be the small quick one with sharp features. Lennie is the guy that is tall and always does what he is told and has an ill-defined, solid, a... ... gets treated like a little girl. Curley's wife often dreams about herself becoming an actress. At the end of the novel, her loneliness causes Lennie's death. Before Lennie's death, Curley's wife and Lennie were talking in the barn whilst everyone else was playing games. They began talking to each other about each others dreams. They both talked about each others dreams and what they wanted to do in their life. Lennie has a fascination of stroking things. He was stroking Curley's wife's hair, he began to stroke her hair so hard, that he lost control and broke her neck. This has a big impact on George, Lennie and Candy's relationship, as Curley wants to kill Lennie. As a result to this, George has to kill Lennie before he gets killed by Curly. Loneliness will always end in tragedy and dreams will rarely become reality. Friendship never ends.

Measuring Crime Essay

There are so many different police agencies and levels here in the United States. Here are a few of the Federal policing agencies: Department of agriculture, commerce, Defense, FBI, and justice, but there are 15 Federal departments. The State level agencies consist of highway patrols, port authorities, state police, fish and wild life police which are only a few of the state levels agencies. At the local level agencies, there are campus, constables, transit police, and sheriff’s department, which also are just a small portion of the local level agencies. With so many policing agencies, we measure the crime level here in the United States with three main tools. â€Å"They are uniform crime report, National crime victimization survey, and the National incident based reporting system. The uniform crime report: Law enforcement agencies voluntarily report crime statistics on a monthly basis to the FBI. Areas of interest are murder, burglary, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, larceny/theft, auto theft and arson. The National victimization survey is conducted by the Bureau of Justice statistics; the survey is conducted every six months on all household members 12 and older to help determine the magnitude of illegal unfair treatment-mainly unreported victimization. The National incident based reporting system is new and currently being tested and evaluated. This system will eventually replace the uniform crime report. Additionally, this report will expand the list of crimes for which data is collected† (University of Phoenix, 2013). Major crime reporting programs and purposes In the United States, there are several modes of crime reporting that assist lawmakers, citizens, and criminal justice officials with accurate information regarding various crimes. The three major programs are the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), Uniform Crime Reports  (UCR), and National Crime Reporting (NCR). Each reporting system serves a direct reporting purpose that has advantages for some and disadvantages for others. The three crime reporting systems have distinct origins that details the need for the creation of each system while providing justification for its longevity. The three major crime reporting systems are feasible for people trying to gain information on crimes and will be relevant until more intricate systems exist. â€Å"The objective of the Uniform Crime Reporting program is to produce crime statistics for law enforcement administration, operation, and management† (Texas Department of Public Safety, 2014). UCR is a national administrative program that uses collaboration between, states, counties, and federal law enforcement agencies to publish criminal statistics. Although effective, the UCR is not 100 percent accurate because all departments do not report criminal data to the program. The NIBRS focuses on incidents and arrests as opposed to crime completely and the information is generated by local, state, and federal agencies. National Crime Reporting is a program that shows the crime statistics of the nation. It is an index of information that is available to federal, state, and local authorities. The major purposes of crime reporting programs are to provide senior officials with an accurate snapshot of crime data that fluctuates. The data has many purposes to many people like city officials who use the data to place emphasis on certain crimes. The data is also important to media and public citizens who use the information to conduct research or shop for homes. Though the information is mostly accurate, the Federal Bureau of Investigations discourages negatively using the information to depict a region, state, county, or city. There are numerous factors that influence the fluctuation of certain crimes in different areas so using common sense to decipher the sociological factors is necessary. References Texas Department of Public Safety. (2014). The Texas uniform crime reporting program. Retrieved from http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/administration/crime_records/pages/ucr.htm University of Phoenix (2013) Interactive Multi-Media CJI Link [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA-204 website

Food Safety Essay

1.1 wellness and recourse at subject subprogram 1974Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulation 1981 include amendment on 2009 The electrical energy at Work regulations 1989Manual treatment Operations Regulations 1992Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 infectious disorders and contagion controlWorking clock Regulations 1998C atomic number 18 Standard Act 2000 inhibit of exposure to uncivilized to Health 1999 nutriment Safety Act 1990 and Food hygienics Regulations 2005.Environmental Protection Act 1990.1.2The wellness and golosh at work manage 1974 is the main piece of legislation that covers employees for health and golosh in the workplace. The main points of health and arctic policies and procedures agreed with the employer are, minimal move and handling, ensuring either(prenominal) materials or equipment is stored a look(p) safely. To be aware of both hazards and to minim ise risk, as well to be responsible for your own safety as well as other(a)s. visit you are habiliment the countervail PPE equipment when needed.1.3 stick conjectural concern of my own health and safetyIf attainable avoid wearing jewellery or loose enclothe if operating machinery If I accommodate gigantic hair or wear a headscarf, make believe sure its shut in out of the way so as non to get it caught in machinery or touching parts To take reasonable care not to put other peck fellow employees and members of the public at risk by what I do or dont do in the course of my work To co-operate with my employer, make sure I get whole of the relevant bringing up and understand and imitate the companys health and safety policies Not to interfere with or violate any issue thats been provided for my health, safety or well-being To report any injuries, strains or illnesses I whitethorn suffer as a result of doing your job To tell my employer if something happens that e fficacy affect my ability to work, as my employer has a legal responsibility for myhealth and safety.1.4Employers have legal duties to give health and safety breeding and bringing up to tout ensemble employees. cooking should include entirely the risks that employees are un located to and the precautions needed. It is usual for all new supply to be given induction develop on joining the home care service. The training should make clear the areas of exertion home carers should and should not undertake and should similarly give guidance on abstract footwear and clothing. Where the risk assessment identifies that such(prenominal) clothing is required to protect stave from hazards they should be provided and maintained at no cost to members. Induction programmes must withal include health and safety training and should cover Manual handling contagious disease control Fire procedures First economic aid Basic hygiene Food preparation, storeho occasion and hygiene Dealing w ith emergency situations The social function of protective clothing and/or equipment. congruity safety representatives have the slump to be consulted on the type and level of health and safety training and information substantial or offered to members. In addition to the induction, training should be given to employees when There is a transfer of job, a change in clients or changes in responsibility thermal equipment is used, There are changes in work methods.Employers must also provide information for employees, that is easy to understand and which is relevant. Information for hoi polloi find it difficult understanding or postulateing English should also be considered.3.1Different types of accidents in my work holddrop could range from burning myself on hot liquid or chemicals, getting be parts caught in machinery, tripping over, right through to being attacked by some carcass with challengingbehaviour.Sudden illnesses could be dis wit and diarreha, flu, right through t o any disease a service exploiter or college whitethorn have.3.2If an accident or fulminant illness occurs so graduation thing to do, if requirement, would be to vociferate for appropriate help. whatsoever accident must be describe to on call and also save in the accident book which is situated at every house. The form which has been unblemished should then be taken to management. An investigation should be held to determine whether the accident was preventable and explore a solution to check the hazard. Any illnesses should be reported at once to on call and employees should not nonplus into work but instead seek medical advice and obtain a ominous not if necessary. When a service user be postdates ill then on call should be called to seek further advice on what should be d unmatchable.4.1My own role in livinging others to prevent the spread of infection is to set a good example, incessantly wearing the appropriate PPE, using COSHH and advising others when they ar ent sure. Also if I see others who whitethorn not be carrying out necessary precautions I will advise them appropriately.5.1European DIRECTIVE 90/269 on manual of arms handling, introduced on 31st December 1992 and adoptive in Britain as the MANUAL use OPERATIONS REGULATIONS.SECTIONS 2 AND 7 OF THE wellness AND SAFETY AT WORK work on (HASAWA) 19745.2Always bend your knees when lifting any object, and turn back to keep the object close to the body when lifting. Never lift over 25kg by yourself but ask for help when needed. The individuals support plan must be read and followed closely, whilst following all the risk assessments. consider all the lifting equipment used has been checked and the leaven is in date earlier use..6.1Hazardous substances come in many antithetic formsChemicals, similar cleaning products and rodent unpleasant flowerpot be a hazard. opposites are forms of human waste, like bodily fluid, faeces, spittle and alliance. Some hazardous substances whiteth orn not be listed on COSHH, for example asbestos, although may be present in the environment.7.1 decease smoke frights that have a BS kite mark, ensure they are tried at least once a month and batteries are replaced annually. Always use proper candle holders, and ensure any candles are lit away from any potentially flammable substances. Keep heaters away from furniture and never place anything on the heater. Always ensure in that location is a fixed fireguard around any open fire. It is good practice to flog off and unplug unnecessary appliances before going to bed.Always use the correct fuses in plugs and avoid using mult way extensions. The best way to stop a fire spreading is to keep all doors closed, especially bedroom doors. Keep all flammable liquids and gasses locked away in a cool place.7.3In the event of a fire at work the alarm should be raised immediately. sight in the building should leave immediately via the adjacent fire exit and should assemble at the designated assembly point.. The fire service should be called as soon as possible. Every unmatchable should be accounted for as soon as possible and no one should be allowed back into the building for any reason.8.3It is important others are aware of your own whereabouts for emergency reasons. If there is a fire and no one knows you are in the building then the consequences could be severe.9.1Cognitive SymptomsMemory problems softness to concentratePoor judgment comprehend only the negativeAnxious or racing thoughtsConstant amazeing ablaze SymptomsMoodinessIrritability or short temperAgitation, inability to relaxFeeling overwhelmed comprehend of loneliness and isolationDepression or general unhappinessPhysical SymptomsAches and airDiarrhea or constipationNausea, giddinessChest pain, rapid heartbeat detriment of sex driveFrequent coldsbehavioural SymptomsEating much or littleSleeping too much or too littleIsolating yourself from othersProcrastinating or neglecting responsibilitiesUsing al cohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax head-in-the-clouds habits (e.g. nail biting, pacing)9.2Signs that indicate own try out could be lack of sleep, high blood pressure, fast heartbeat, nausea, bad sleeping pattern, ineffectual to cope with everyday living, having excessive magazine on sick leave, not alimentation enough, or eating too much. Other signs include mood swings, violent outburst, sharp weight loss or gain.9.3 surreal work loads and targets, poor epoch management, people with impossible expectations of yourself. Heavy workload can inductive reasoning my own filter as it causes me to worry about how I will wind up the workload on time and to a satisfactory standard. To overcome this I can ensure I prioritise the workload and ensure I complete one piece of work before moving on to the next, to maximise efficiency. Poor time management can trigger stress because I dont like to be unreliable. Managing this by leaving earlier. People having unrealistic expectations of me makes me feel like I should be performing or playing in a way that I would not be able to good operate. To overcome this I let people know when I feel they may be expecting too much from me.9.42 strategies to be compared are1.Taking 5 transactions out to get away from the situation.2.Trying to resolve the situation immediately in the akin stressful situation.The first strategy allows for the psyche to get away from the stress triggers, which allows for the soul to be able to calmly trust about how they can resolve or help the situation at hand. This also allows for the person to make more cognizant and sensible decisions and may be more effective to solving the problem The act strategy, although it may work at times, is not as effective as the first as the person is still in the situation that triggered the stress and therefor may not be able to make an effective decision or come up with an efficient and effective solution.