Kite Runner Rahim Khans Dying Wish Essay Example for Free

Kite Runner Rahim Khans Dying Wish Essay Around the time of his 13th birthday, Amir decided to do something that would change his life forever; he decided to betray his loyal friend and servant, Hassan. His actions caused Hassan and Ali to leave Baba and him forever. Soon after that happened, Baba and Amir were forced to leave the Wazir Akbar district due to several dangers. They ended up in Fremont, California. Although Baba didn’t like his life in America, Amir seemed to enjoy it. â€Å"For me, America was a place to bury my memories. † (112) Although he says that it was a place for him to bury his memories, was he ever completely able to forget about them? Did he ever gain salvation? In the summer of 2001, Amir received a call from his father’s old friend and business partner, Rahim Khan. He asked Amir to come meet him in Pakistan because he was very ill, and didn’t know how long he would live. Even though he said all this, what caught Amir’s attention was something he said just before he hung up: â€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (2) This meant that Amir finally had the chance to right his wrong. After almost three long decades, Amir had gotten a chance to get forgiven for his sins. When Amir got to Pakistan and met Rahim Khan, he came to know about two of the most shocking facts: that Hassan was actually Baba’s son, and that he was killed by the Taliban! Rahim Khan’s dying wish was for Amir to go back to Kabul, and get Sohrab, Hassan’s son, and bring him to an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell, who would then take care of him. In a way, Rahim Khan was doing Amir a favor, because he was giving him a chance to finally forgive himself for what he did to Hassan. He could no longer meet Hassan and apologize to him in person, but instead he could go to Kabul, and save his son, Sohrab.

The topic of nutrition of the elderly

The topic of nutrition of the elderly The purpose of this literature review is to research the topic of nutrition of the elderly, and to discuss my findings. I will be researching this subject using tools such as athens, and using websites such as google scholar, ovid and internurse. I have chosen to use articles and reviews from the past ten years as I feel they will bring the most up to date nursing care techniques and the most reliable research into the subject. Nutrition of the elderly is an important area of nursing care and should not be taken lightly. It is important in nursing care to assess patients nutrition, as if taken care of it can optimize the general well being of the patient. Malnutrition is the main worry when focusing on elderly patients nutrition, as 40 to 60% of older adults who are hospitalized are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. This statistic is rather high, meaning that the correct nursing practise is not always used. In this review I will be looking to find the reasons behind this and how the care of these patients can be increased to its full potential. When we look at nutrition we have to consider why it is that elderly patients are so different compared to everyone else. Many questions arise when we look at this for example do they have different eating habits, is there a physiological problem or even is there a psychological problem. The answers to these questions can always be yes in relation to the elderly and we must look further than these general questions, and study the literature of the subject to fully become aware of the correct nursing care to correctly assess and treat this problem. A review by Finch et la (1998) shows that a the majority of the elderly population, not requiring hospitalization, are well nourished and have a good intake of all the correct vitamins, minerals and calories. However what is of more importance in this review is the elderly patients who fall without this category including patients whose nutrition does affect their health and have physical and or mental problems which lower their nutritional intake. A report by COMA (DH, 1999) stated that diet deficiencies in the elderly, most noticed in calcium levels and recommended that current practice of fortifying flour with calcium should continue the same. That same survey also highlighted the low levels of Vitamin D in the elderly which, together with the low levels of calcium gave concern for the increased incidence of osteoporosis found in the elderly population. Another review highlighting deficiency in different areas for the elderly. (Steele et al., 1998) point us to the fact that many elderly patients do not have a good dentition. This obviously can have a massive impact on their nutritional intake and in their choice of food and ease or difficulty of eating it. They also found that those of the elderly who had their own dentition did have a measurable better nutritional and mineral intake than those who did not. Those with poor teeth tended to eat significantly less fruit, nuts and food generally that was hard to chew, meaning they missed out on vital natural vitamins and minerals. All of these facts drawn from literature show us that the nutrition of the elderly is an important and special group. I will now look into further literature to show these specific groups in the elderly population which lack of proper nutrition can affect. Malnutrition is a main concern in nursing practise with elderly patients, so when looking at it we must be fully aware of what the term means. A review by DiMaria-Ghalil (2005) shows the definition of malnutrition. Any disorder of nutritional status, including disorders resulting from a deficiency of nutrient intake, impaired nutrient metabolism, or over-nutrition. Reuben (2005) shows us that malnutrition can be brought on by many things in the elderly population such as dietary intake, isolation, chronic illness, and physiological changes. The routine for the correct nursing care with elderly patients is essential and must be followed for every patient so that no patient is misdiagnosed. During the routine nursing assessment, any and all alterations in the general assessment areas that may influence the patients factors of intake, absorption, or digestion of nutrients should always be further assessed to make sure if an older patient is at a nutritional risk. These areas include the following. As stated by a review done by the University of Texas, School of Nursing (2006) a typical assessment should be done including their present history, past and medical history, and an assessment of their current symptoms. A note of their social history should be taken into account. Any drugs the patient may be taking which can interact or affect the patients nutrient intake and absorption. Boullata, J (2004) stated that drugs can affect and modify the nutrient needs for the metabolism of older people. It also stated that factors such as restrictive diets, changes in eating habits and diet, alcoholism and chronic disease with long term drug treatments can all affect the nutrient intake and reactions in an elderly patient. The fourth area that should be taken into account is the patients functional limitations. Boullata, J (2004) showed that patients with functional limitations can be at risk of malnutrition for many reasons, whether it be a disability restricting their movement, and even a psychological problem such as dementia which can restrict the patients ability to eat in different forms. Next that will be checked on the nursing assessment will be the objective assessment. This will include a physical examination of the patient with emphasis on things such as an oral exam, loss of body fat, dysphagia, bmi and muscle wasting. Also DiMaria-Ghalili (2005) showed that for a more in depth idea of the patients dietary intake can be gathered by a documented three day calorie count using a food chart for the patient. This will help gain some more information for the patients nutrition. Also one of the main things used for every patient in hospital which is malnourished or at fear of malnutrition is the nutrition risk assessment tool. Both DiMaria-Ghalili (2005) and Salva, A (2004) go on to state how this tool is vital and very useful at assessing as it determines the risk by looking at the patients bmi, history of weight loss, psychological stress, or acute disease and dementia or any other conditions which could affect their dietary intake. By using all these it can help come up with a individual score for the patient, and with this score we can evaluate if the patient is malnourished, and what further action can be taken to benefit the patient. This will include things such as referring the patient to the dietician, and or the speech and language therapist. There are many nursing strategies we can use to make sure that any patient that is malnourished can be assessed and monitored to help improve their health and general well being. As I previously noted by Salva, A (2004) referring to the dietician if the patient is at risk for or has under-nutrition. Another useful collaboration for nursing care is to consult the patients medication and review it for possible drugs that can affect the nutrient interactions. Also consulting with a multidisciplinary team specializing in nutrition can benefit the patients all over care as it is more specific to their needs. There are also methods that the nurse can use in the patients daily routine to help the patients efforts in becoming nourished. By alleviating a dry mouth the nurse can help the patient become more willing, and wanting, to take diet and fluids. This can be done by avoiding any foods or drink which can further cause a dry mouth, such as, tobacco, dry and bulky foods, and highly acidic foods. Also to encourage frequent sips of water and keeping lips moist will help the patient to become more hydrated and more comfortable, which, will make them more willing to eat and drink. Margetts, B (2003) also states how important it is to maintain an appropriate nutritional intake for an elderly patient. It goes on to explain how the daily requirements of older adults includes thirty kcal per kg of body weight and 1g of protein per day, with this no more than 30% of calories from fat. It also goes on to explain all requirements will differ depending on the degree of malnutrition and physiological stress the patient is in. A nurse can take this into account when treating a patient in their daily routine by improving the patients oral intake, of which there are many ways of achieving. Souter, S (2003) shows that a patients meal times are important as it will determine how much food the patient has consumed and whether or not they will need assistance with eating from a member of staff. A nurse can go further than this by asking the patients family members to visit during mealtimes making it a more relaxed atmosphere for the patient, meaning they will feel more relaxe d and willing to eat, and for those who need help eating, their family members can assist them which may be more comfortable for them. A nurse can also ask the family members to bring in favourite foods of the patients from home to help in the intake of the patient. With foods that they regularly eat and enjoy, the patient will be more likely to partake in meal times and even snacking between meals, increasing their intake overall. If this is done for a patient the nurse must be aware of the foods the patient likes, and or can handle so that they can supply the patient with what the need and want for their duration in hospital. The nurse can also take into account the nutrients that the patient needs, therefore can suggest small and frequent meals which contain these to help to regain and maintain weight. The nurse can also help a patient with their mouth care such as helping patients with their dentures before food is served so they are ready to eat when it arrives. Souter, S (2003) showed that another way to improve meal times is to create a good environment for the patient. By removing things such as bedpans, urinals, and sick bowls can help to create a positive and clean place for the patient to eat, so nothing is putting them off or distracting them from their food. Also Souter, S stated that any patients who tend to feel ill during meal times can be administered antiemitics on a schedule that will help to lower and diminish the likelihood of them feeling nauseated during their meal. Shahar, D (2001) also shows that with certain patients who are mobile enough to sit in a chair rather than their bed should be placed in such as it is more comfortable for them to eat their meals. The nurse can also create a relaxing atmosphere for patients who needs assistance in eating their meal by sitting at the patients eye level and making eye contact during so that they feel they are not just a chore for the nurse. It is also important for nursing staff not to interrupt patients during meals for drug rounds and procedures as it may distract the patient from their meal and even make them feel, depending on the medication, tired or nauseated which will stop them from eating a sufficient amount for themselves. Nursing staff can also provide specialised nutritional support for certain patients depending on their requirements. The Nutrition Screening Initiative (2002) states that a patient should be started on nutritional support when they cant or wont eat an adequate amount to ben efit themselves. The patient must be reviewed regarding if they already use artificial nutrition and hydration. This can be done by providing oral supplements to the patient. These supplements are not to replace meals, but to be given during the day between meals as shown by Wilson, M (2002). Also it is stated by American Society of Anaesthesiologists that by placing elderly patients as early in the day as possible for tests or procedures it will decrease the length of time that the patient is nil by mouth and not allowed to eat or drink. Meaning less time is wasted where the patient could have been receiving a nutritional diet and fluids. By looking at all this literature we can see that

Terrorism - The US Military Cannot Defeat the Terrorists :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The US Military Cannot Defeat the Terrorists One Source One of the consequences of the horrendous terrorist attacks of September 11 is that the United States is marching off to war in numerous countries around the globe. Given the terrible damage and large numbers of casualties, it is hardly surprising that most Americans want to destroy the terrorist organization(s) that launched the attacks and the government(s) that aided and abetted the terrorists. Unfortunately, there has been remarkably little public discussion as to why people from the Middle East chose to become suicide bombers intent on piloting air liners into enormous office buildings filled with people. Nor has there been much deliberation regarding the probable consequences of using military force to punish terrorists and the governments that harbor them. President George W. Bush struck a popular chord when he charged that terrorists "have attacked America because we are freedom's home and defender." In his analysis, Americans are innocent victims of barbaric "people that hate freedom and hate what we stand for." The victims on the four highjacked planes and in the buildings were innocent victims, but President Bush is voicing a widely held myth whenever he argues that the terrorist attacks were designed to destroy freedom and democracy in the United States, or that the United States was attacked because it is the defender of freedom and democracy abroad. In fact, the United States was attacked, not because of its political ideals, but rather because of its government's foreign policy in the Middle East. During World War II and in the years after, U.S. power flowed into the region. There the U.S. government sought allies in the fight against fascism, then communism, and lastly against an expansionist Iraq. In these conflicts American policy makers were not particular about who the help they recruited. Brutal dictatorships, repressive military governments, and absolute monarchies were all recipients of U.S. economic and military assistance. In Iran the United States government even went so far as to overthrow the country's democratically elected parliamentary government in 1953. Today, the United States government arms and trains the militaries of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and American troops help defend these countries. But these countries are run by monarchies that deny fundamental democratic rights to their peoples and vigorously oppress any opponents to their rule. The United States government also supports with extensive military and economic aid a corrupt one-party dictatorship in Egypt.

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Essay -- History Architectural goth

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture The 11th to 15th centuries saw a great surge of the Christian Church within Europe which was emphasized by the persuasiveness of the Crusades. The growing population of the Church increased the demand for the increased presence in architectural monuments and during the Romanesque and Gothic periods, a great cathedral construction boom occurred across Europe. The Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles were distinctive in not only the massiveness of the Romanesque monuments and the introduction of the cruciform plan but also for the introduction of the Gothic era art within the Cathedrals which included the inclusion of art the radiating Rose Window, column figures and the gargoyle among many others. Within Europe, there was a progression of architectural styles, many of which are still evident in the monuments today. The major styles are considered as Carolingian (800-900 AD); Ottonian (1000s); Romanesque (1000s-1100s); Gothic (late 1100s-1400s). While Romanesque is considered as the architectural style which preceded the Gothic, many of the distinct Romanesque features found within the great cathedrals of Europe were lost to the greater Gothic movement. However, many Romanesque features, as well as the earlier Carolingian reside within the Gothic-built monuments. The Romanesque name is deliberate in its direct relation to the styling designs found in Rome and there most distinctive feature is their massiveness as opposed to the much more thin monuments of the Gothic era which followed. An important structural development during the Romanesque period was the origin of the vault. The vault was originally designed as an alternative to the more fire prone wooden roofs but soon became a major architectural feature in all cathedrals. The Romanesque era and style also refers to the Norman variations in the church architecture which also occurred in the late 12th century. The Twin towers are considered examples of the typical Norman facade developed during the Romanesque period and which are now considered a standard of medieval cathedrals. Another development during the relatively short Romanesque period was the origins of the cruciform structure of the church in that church plans (as seen from above) are in the form of a crucifix; a feature usually associated with the later Gothic styles but which had originate... ..., which was obviously influenced by Roman architecture saw the development of massive structures and Cathedrals and also included the introduction of the architectural features of the vaulted roofs. The Gothic period and saw the development of the Cathedral construction boom in which several innovative art forms were also introduced in the Church design. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cedron, R. Romanesque: Foundations Stones of Learning. Earthlore. http://www.elore.com/Gothic/Learning/romanesque.htm. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cedron, R. Blackford, N. (2001). Gothic Dreams: Appreciating a Cultural Legacy. Earthlore. http://www.elore.com/Gothic/introduction.htm. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cedron; Blackford, N. (2002). Art Periods and Styles related to Gothic Architecture. Earthlore.http://www.elore.com/Gothic/Glossary/periods.htm. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  KMLA: Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. (2001, September 17). Basilicae, Cathedrals, Abbeys - Large Scale Ecclesiastic Architecture. World History at KMLA. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/art/hma/cathedrals.html. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neagley, L. Gothic and Romanesque Architecture. Rice University, Humanities Electronic Studio Project. http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hart205/Cathedrals/Plan/plan.html.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay -- To Kill a Mockingbird Essa

Harper Lee has incorporated the representation of her most meaningful statement in the title of her novel, To Kill A Mockingbird. The many points of discussion which surface in Lee's book would certainly have partially submerged the parallel she created between Tom Robinson and the mockingbird. In any classic novel such as To Kill A Mockingbird, the myriad differences in thinking between readers allow for many different interpretations. The author of such a work, however, must constantly make decisions concerning the best ways to fulfill his or her purpose in writing; Harper Lee decided that the symbol of the mockingbird was not displayed prominently enough, and so made it the crux of her novel rather than one of its neglectable elements. With its seemingly unsuited title, Lee's book keeps readers waiting for the moment when a mockingbird pops up--and shows what the author truly wanted her audiences to find. When Jem and Scout Finch receive their first, longed-for air rifles, their instinctive desire to shoot birds is taken for granted. Their father refuses to teach them to shoot, but warns them that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird--the only time his children heard him call something a sin, reflecting how strongly he, and Lee, feel about this. After this order that they avoid their natural inclination towards shooting the colorless, brown mockingbird, Atticus tells his children that they may shoot as many blue jays as they like. These orders were certainly in opposition to...

Progressive Era Essay

The progressive era directly followed the post-civil wartime of chaos and corruption. The United States of America desperately needed change. As a result of this desire for change a varied group called progressives (which were largely composed of white middle class), pushed to improve America’s current condition and created a set of goals. A majority of these goals were achieved pushing America to having increased social justice, corporation control, and regulations on consumer products. However not all hopes of change were granted and some failures still remained. The progressive era was a time of major reform and for the most part took strides of success towards its myriad of goals, which the U. S. desperately needed to achieve. This era completely contrasts with the post civil war era, and created a better America. A large reason why this time of reform could occur is because during this time America had politically progressive thinkers. Theodore Roosevelt dedicated much of his presidency to increase and improve America as a democratic nation with an abundant source of justice and liberty. Roosevelt formed the new square deal which (the 3 co’s) controlled the corporations, had restrictions on consumer products, and allowed direct nominations. In the 17th amendment it was stated that elections should be nominated and controlled by the people. Document D describes the shift from the previous system of indirect voting through the electoral college, to the new direct nominations made from the people. This signified the power of the people and increased democracy ideals. Another one of Roosevelt’s contributions to progressivism was the regulation of meat, food and water. Document B illustrates the horrifying unsanitary conditions of meat packaging, but during the progressive era acts were passed to make restrictions and laws about the sanitation of consumer products. There were also regulations on water purity, and systems were developed to improve piping systems and created healthy water available to the public (especially in urban areas). The diseases and health issues portrayed in Doc. B were dramatically lessened as these regulations were put into place and medical advances were made. Roosevelt also contributed to the much needed act of trust busting. The cartoon in Doc. A shows T. R. using his big brandishing stick to crush monopolies and corrupt trusts which controlled big industries. However after T. R. ’s terms as president Woodrow Wilson went on a trust busting frenzy and together they stamped out a majority of trusts (T. R. crushed 44 trusts in 7 years while Wilson busted 70 trusts in only 4 years). In the Clayton antitrust act, laws against unjust ways of business were put into place. It became illegal to â€Å"discriminate in price between different purchasers†¦. any line of commerce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Doc. E) This act states that no discrimination in cost could be used and it made monopolies illegal. This act also kindly noted that labor organizations were legal. Another achieved goal during the progressive era was the economic positive aspects that were put into place. The federal reserve act insured that money would be controlled and divided to ensure its safety and conservation. The progressive era also was the final push women needed to secure their suffrage. There were helpful constrictions of labor and the hours and conditions improved. Public schooling also was improved and increased during this era. Also an environmental movement occurred. An innumerous amount of achievements and successes resulted from this reform movement. Although ultimately the progressive era brought a positive light over America it had some minor failures. For most of this movement it was backed politically but Taft (besides trust busting) was a set back to this revolution. In addition, Wilson didn’t place any laws against the KKK or ant lynching laws. Document I shows the discrimination against races and the ability to preform (perform) hate crimes without legal restrictions. Another social injustice was the lack of passing the equal rights amendment. The picture in Document H shows how equal rights weren’t set into place under Wilson. Although Wilson was a progressive in some aspects he was a racist and sexist in other areas. An economic problem cause by this era was the idea of â€Å"credits. Credits were used to increase consumerism but in reality it just created large devts, which is a cause of the great depression. In general the progressive era led to a number of successes, but it also had its drawbacks. In conclusion, the progressive era led to various economic, social, and political reforms, most of which were positive. Even though it has some negative outcomes, in reality, some of these issues can never be completely solved, eve n today. All in all, the progressive era worked to produce a better nations and created many successes for the United States of America.

Jonouchi Motoharu

Jonouchi Motoharu played an important part in forming and collecting a wide variety of artistic institutions. He also formed and governed many of anti-art groups that included the cinema club formed at Nihon University, the Neo-Dada Club, and a cinematic research center known as VAN.   His works demonstrated the devastation of what took place in Japan during World War II. It represents the experiences of the soldiers and civilians who were affected by the nuclear warfare of that time. The frailty of life is a major subject of the films. People are shown in their vulnerability and the audience is allowed to view them from the perspective of the universe—which shows humans as tiny and inconsequential. It also shows the relative ease with which people’s lives can be destroyed. The films contained in this showing are â€Å"Hi Red Center Shelter Plan,† â€Å"Wols,† â€Å"Gewaltopia Trailer,† and â€Å"Shinjuku Station.† Showing these Motoharu films together highlights the violence that drives many of the processes of life. In the film â€Å"Hi Red Center Shelter Plan,† one views an initial short of body measurements. Male and female figures are shown laid out and their measurements taken. These picture images shown at the beginning represent a comparison of the gender figures. One man is shown lying naked in the bathtub, and the coldness of the picture of him being measured like meat or material is poignant in its representation of the meaningless of humanity when life is looked at on grander scales. Men and women are measured in different positions. They are made to stand facing the camera, and the made to turn around showing their backs toward the camera. They are also made to lie on the bed or to lie upside down on the bed. The film â€Å"Wols† features a rapid montage of surreal pictures with changes occurring in a manner that shocks the senses. Each picture is shot at different angles to create an even greater shock on the senses, and to give a quick and fleeting image of perspectives. The â€Å"Gewaltopia Trailer† opens with a short of a right eye stenciled or branded with some Japanese words. These words are written on the eyelid. It is followed by two shots showing nuclear explosions. The sounds used in this film’s beginning and ending sequence is the voice of a woman moaning. The content of the film is very violent. People are shown with helpless expressions on their faces. The entire film is filled with body parts of these people on which Japanese characters have been stenciled. Images of destruction are rampant, with such figures as King Kong and hellish features of life. Many images of fighting and union demonstrations are also found in the film. The camera angles itself from above and shoots down at the city representing increasing Japanese power The final film by Jonouchi Motoharu, â€Å"Shinjuku Station† begins with a devastated world in shambles. People are shown passing through Shinjuku Station and cars are shot as they drive along the roadway. A man comes on the screen speaking Japanese and it is clear from his tone that he is upset. Despite his speech being in Japanese, he constantly repeats the word â€Å"station.† Over and over he says the word in this angry tone. The scene finally changes to a shot of a wide, grassy area and then the screen goes to black. This black screen is purposefully left to be viewed by audiences for approximately a minute. The music continues for this period of blackness in which the audience is left to think about what they have seen. Humanity’s contribution to the violence in the universe is the them of   Jonouchi’s works. Two of his films, â€Å"Gewaltopia Trailer,† and â€Å"Shinjuku Station,† form part of a series called Gewaltopia. This word is made up of two parts: â€Å"Gewalt,† which is German for â€Å"violence† and a truncation of the word â€Å"utopia.† This idea is characteristic of the films produced by Motoharu. He seeks to illuminate the world in which we live and highlight how its inhabitants (primarily humans) revel in the violence that they are instrumental in creating. The four films are shown together to highlight this fact, and as a means of demonstrating the historical and artistic significance of the war in demonstrating humanity’s culture of violence. Works Cited Jonouchi Motoharu Program. Anthology Film Archives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.anthologyfilmarchives.org/schedule/search/film/?id=8528&height=400&widt  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   h=730 Motoharu, Jonouchi. â€Å"Hi Red Center Shelter Plan.† 18minutes – 16mm. Japan 1964. —. â€Å"Wols.† 18minutes – 16mm. Japan 1964. —. â€Å"Gewaltpia Trailer.† 13minutes – 16mm. Japan 1969. —. â€Å"Shinjuku Station.† 14minutes – 16mm. Japan 1964.